switch case in C and C++

Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a
variable to several "integral" values ("integral" values are simply values
that can be expressed as an integer, such as the value of a char). The basic format for using switch case is
outlined below. The value of the variable given into switch is compared to
the value following each of the cases, and when one value matches the value of
the variable, the computer continues executing the program from that point.

switch ( <variable> ) 

{
case this-value:
  Code to execute if <variable> == this-value
  break;
case that-value:
  Code to execute if <variable> == that-value
  break;
...
default:
  Code to execute if <variable> does not equal the value following any of the cases
  break;
} 

The condition of a switch statement is a value. The case says that if
it has the value of whatever is after that case then do whatever
follows the colon. The break is used to break out of the case
statements. Break is a keyword that breaks out of the code block,
usually surrounded by braces, which it is in. In this case, break
prevents the program from falling through and executing the code in all
the other case statements. An important thing to note about the switch
statement is that the case values may only be constant integral
expressions. Sadly, it isn't legal to use case like this:
 
int a = 10;
int b = 10;
int c = 20;

switch ( a ) {
case b:
  // Code
  break;
case c:
  // Code
  break;
default:
  // Code
  break;
}
 The default case is optional, but it is wise to include it as it
handles any unexpected cases. Switch statements serves as a simple way
to write long if statements when the requirements are met. Often it can
be used to process input from a user.


 Below is a sample program, in which not all of the proper
functions are actually declared, but which shows how one would use
switch in a program.
 
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void playgame()
{
    cout << "Play game called";
}
void loadgame()
{
    cout << "Load game called";
}
void playmultiplayer()
{
    cout << "Play multiplayer game called";
}
 
int main()
{
  int input;
  
  cout<<"1. Play game\n";
  cout<<"2. Load game\n";
  cout<<"3. Play multiplayer\n";
  cout<<"4. Exit\n";
  cout<<"Selection: ";
  cin>> input;
  switch ( input ) {
  case 1:            // Note the colon, not a semicolon
    playgame();
    break;
  case 2:            // Note the colon, not a semicolon
    loadgame();
    break;
  case 3:            // Note the colon, not a semicolon
    playmultiplayer();
    break;
  case 4:            // Note the colon, not a semicolon
    cout<<"Thank you for playing!\n";
    break;
  default:            // Note the colon, not a semicolon
    cout<<"Error, bad input, quitting\n";
    break;
  }
  cin.get();
}
 This program will compile, but cannot be run until the undefined
functions are given bodies, but it serves as a model (albeit simple)
for processing input. If you do not understand this then try mentally
putting in if statements for the case statements. Default simply skips
out of the switch case construction and allows the program to terminate
naturally. If you do not like that, then you can make a loop around the
whole thing to have it wait for valid input. You could easily make a
few small functions if you wish to test the code.